Parotidectomy and neck dissection in locally advanced and relapsed cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region,,

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prognostic factors to developing parotid and neck metastasis in locally advanced and relapsed Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CSCC) of the head and neck region. Methods: Single-center retrospective cohort study enrolling consecutive patients with advanced CSCC from 2009 to 2019. Seventy-four cases were identified. Study variables demographic data, clinical skin tumor stage, neck stage, parotid stage (P stage), surgical treatment features, and parotid, regional, and distant metastases. Survival measures: Overall Survival (OS) and Disease-Specific Survival (DSS). Results: The study group included 72.9% men (median age, 67 years); 67.5% showed T2/T3 tumors, 90.5% comorbidities, 20.2% immunosuppressed, with median follow-up: 35.8 months. The most frequent skin primary were auricular and eyelid regions, 75% underwent primary resection with flap reconstruction. Parotid metastasis was present in 50%, 32.4% showing parotid extracapsular spread, multivariate analysis found OR = 37.6 of positive parotid metastasis evolving into positive neck metastasis, p = 0.001. Occult neck metastasis, neck metastasis, and neck extracapsular spread were observed in 13.5%, 51.3%, and 37.8%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival: Clinical T4 versus T1, p = 0.028, P1 stage: 30% and 5% survival at 5 and 10 years, P3 stage: 0%, p = 0.016; OS and DSS showed negative survival for the parotid metastasis group, p = 0.0283. Conclusion: Our outcomes support a surgically aggressive approach for locally advanced and relapsed CSCC, with partial parotidectomy for P0, total parotidectomy for P1-3, selective I-III neck dissection for all patients and adjuvant radiochemotherapy to appropriately treat these patients with advanced CSCC of the head and neck region. Level of evidence: II b - Retrospective Cohort Study - Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM).

Facial nerve identification with fluorescent dye in rats

PURPOSE The parotidectomy technique still has an elevated paresis and paralysis index, lowering patient life's quality. The correct identification of the facial nerve can prevent nerve damage. Fluorescent dye identifies nerves in experimental studies but only few articles focused its use on facial nerve study in parotidectomies. We aimed to stain the rat facial nerve with fluorescent dye to facilitate visualization and dissection in order to prevent injuries. METHODS Forty adult male Wistar rats were submitted to facial injection of saline solution (Gsf-control group, 10) or fluorescent dye solution (Gdye group, 30) followed by parotidectomy preserving the facial nerve, measuring the time for localization and facility of localization (LocTime and LFN). Nerve function was assessed using the Vibrissae Movements (PMV) and Eyelid Closure Motion (PFP) scores. RESULTS Nerve localization was faster in Gdye group, with 83% Easy LFN rate. The Gdye group presented with low nerve injury degree and better PMV and PFP scores, with high sensitivity and accuracy. CONCLUSIONS This experimental method of facial nerve fluorescence was effective for intraoperative nerve visualization, identification and preservation. The technique may be used in future facial nerve studies, translated to humans, contributing to the optimization of parotid surgery in the near future.

Neoplasias de Glândulas Salivares: análise em 10 anos em uma única instituição / Salivary Gland Neoplasms: A ten years analysis in a single institution

Introdução: As neoplasias de glândulas salivares correspondem a cerca de 3% a 10% dos tumores em cabeça e pescoço, com incidência anual de 1/100.000 casos. A idade média é de 45 anos, no gênero feminino. Nas neoplasias benignas, a incidência anual é de 4,7%, mais da metade em glândulas salivares maiores e tipo mais comum o Adenoma Pleomórfico. As neoplasias malignas tem incidência anual de 0,9%, gênero masculino e Carcinoma Mucoepidermóide em glândulas parótidas. Objetivo: Determinar as características demográficas, clínicas e histológicas dos pacientes tratados por neoplasias de glândulas salivares na UNIFESP retrospectivamente no período de 10 anos. Material e Métodos: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários de pacientes tratados por neoplasias de glândulas salivares no Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço da Universidade Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, no período de 10 anos (2002 a 2012). Para análise descritiva utilizou-se o Microsoft Excel 2011 e teste t-student com significância p<0,05. Resultados: As mulheres compreenderam 55%, maioria entre as neoplasias malignas (60%) e benignas (85%), idade média de 52 anos. Sintoma inicial de dor: 62,5% das malignas e 18,9% das benignas. Tempo médio de apresentação de 4,6 anos para as malignas e 2,7 anos para as benignas, diagnóstico com a punção em 89,4%. Ambas neoplasias acometeram a glândula parótida (81,9%). O Carcinoma Mucoepidermóide e o Adenoma Pleomórfico foram os mais comuns. Complicações ocorreram em 23,4%: paralisia facial periférica (13,8%) e hematomas (6,4%). Conclusões: Os dados epidemiológicos, a sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia da punção concordam com a literatura. Maior incidência de neoplasias em parótida, mais comum o Carcinoma mucoepidermóide. A Parotidectomia com preservação do facial, com ou sem esvaziamento cervical foi a cirurgia mais comum realizada e maior incidência de metástases cervicais ocultas.

Introduction: The salivary gland neoplasms are about 3% to 10% of all head and neck tumors, with annual incidence of 1/100.000 habitants. The medium age of presentation is 45 years in the female. In the benign neoplasms, the annual incidence is 4,7%, more than half in the major salivary glands and the pleomorfic adenoma is the commonest subtype. The malignant neoplasms has 0,9% of annual incidence, being more common in the male and the Mucoepidermoid subtype in the parotid gland. Objective: To determine retrospectively the clinical, demographic and histopathological characteristics of a consecutive series of surgical treated patients due salivary gland neoplams in the UNIFESP in a ten years period. Material and Methods: Retrospective analisys from clinical data of treated patients due salivary gland neoplasms in the Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department at Sao Paulo Federal University in a ten years period (2002-2012). The Microsoft excel was used to descriptive analisys with t-student with p<0,05 significance. Results: The female patients were 55% of all, even in the malignant neoplasms (60%) or in the benign ones (85%). The medium age was 52 years and the initial symptom was pain in 62,5% of the malignant and in the 18,9% in the benign neoplasms. The main time of duration of symptoms was 4,6 and 2,7 years for the malignant and benign neoplasms respectively. In 89,4% of patients the diagnosis was made by the aspirative biopsy. The parotid gland was majority in both malignant and benign histology (81,9%), the Mucoepidermoid carcinoma and the pleomorfic adenoma were the commonest histology. Complications occurred in 23,4% of the patients, divided in periferic facial paralysis (13,8%) and hematoma (6,4%). Conclusion: The epidemiological data, the sensivity, especificity and accuracy of aspirative biopsy agree with the current literature. The parotid was the principal gland with disease and the mucoepidermoid carcinoma the main malignant neoplasm. Parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve, followed by neck dissection was the commonest surgery and we found a higher incidence of occult lymph node metastasis.

Concomitant thyroid Malt lymphoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma / Concomitância de linfoma MALT de tireoide e carcinoma papilífero de tireoide

The objective of this study was to describe the rare thyroid MALT lymphoma concomitant with papillary thyroid carcinoma in a male patient who was submitted to total thyroidectomy. Treatment and follow-up issues are addressed. Male patient complains of fast thyroid enlargement without lymphadenophaty and normal clinical exams. Total thyroidectomy was indicated and performed without any complications. The pathology showed multicentric papillary thyroid carcinoma, concomitant thyroid MALT lymphoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The immunohistochemistry assay was positive for CD 20, CD 43, CD 79, AE1/AE3. The staging studies showed no evidence of both metastasis, Ann Harbor stage IE, without B symptoms. After RIT no further radiotherapy or chemotherapy was indicated. Nowadays the thyroglobulin is undetectable, without recurrences at two years of follow-up. It was concluded that primary thyroid MALT lymphoma is uncommon being the papillary thyroid carcinoma more frequent. Both occurring concomitantly is very rare and the treatment has to prioritize the tumor of worst prognosis at the discovery moment.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever um raro linfoma MALT primário de tireoide concomitante com carcinoma papilífero em paciente masculino submetido à tireoidectomia total. O tratamento e o seguimento são discutidos no texto. Paciente masculino com rápido aumento da tireoide sem linfonodomegalias com exames normais. A tireoidectomia total foi indicada e realizada sem complicações. O anatomopatológico mostrou carcinoma papilífero multicêntrico concomitante com linfoma MALT e tireoidite de Hashimoto. A imuno-histoquímica foi positiva para CD 20, CD 43, CD 79, AE1/AE3. O estadiamento clínico não demonstrou evidência de metástases de ambos, Ann Harbor estádio IE, sem sintomas B. Realizado RIT sem radioterapia ou quimioterapia. Atualmente se encontra com tireoglobulina indetectável, sem recidivas ao seguimento de dois anos. Concluiu-se que o linfoma MALT primário de tireoide é raro e o carcinoma papilífero é o mais frequente com boa evolução. A concomitância de ambos é muito rara e o tratamento deve priorizar a neoplasia que apresenta o pior prognóstico no momento da descoberta.

Extensive parapharyngeal and skull base neuroglial ectopia; a challenge for differential diagnosis and treatment: case report / Extenso tecido neuroglial ectópico em parafaringe e base de crânio; desafio no diagnóstico diferencial e tratamento: relato de caso

CONTEXT: Neuroglial ectopia has been defined as a mass composed of differentiated neuroectodermal tissue isolated from the spinal canal or cranial cavity and remains rare. This lesion has to be considered in the differential diagnosis among newborn infants with classical symptoms of respiratory distress, neck mass and feeding difficulties. We present a rare case of extensive parapharyngeal and skull base neuroglial ectopia in 6-month-old girl who presented respiratory and feeding obstruction at birth. CASE REPORT: A six-month-old girl who presented upper respiratory and feeding obstruction at birth and was using tracheostomy and gastrostomy tubes was referred to our institution. Complete surgical excision of the mass consisted of a transcervical-transparotid approach with extension to the infratemporal fossa by means of a lateral transzygomatic incision, allowing preservation of all vital neurovascular structures. The anatomopathological examination showed a solid mass with nests of neural tissue, with some neurons embedded in poorly encapsulated fibrovascular stroma, without mitotic areas, and with presence of functioning choroid plexus in the immunohistochemistry assay. Neurovascular function was preserved, thus allowing postoperative decannulation and oral feeding. Despite the large size of the mass, the child has completed one year and six months of follow-up without complications or recurrence. Neuroglial ectopia needs to be considered in diagnosing airway obstruction among newborns. Surgical treatment is the best choice and should be performed on clinically stable patients. An algorithm to guide the differential diagnosis and improve the treatment was proposed.

CONTEXTO: Tecido neuroglial ectópico é definido como uma massa composta de tecido neuroectodermal diferenciado, isolado do canal espinhal ou da cavidade craniana e permanece raro. Esta lesão tem de fazer parte do diagnóstico diferencial em neonatos com os clássicos sintomas de obstrução respiratória, massa cervical e dificuldade para alimentação. Descreve-se um raro caso de tecido neuroglial ectópico extensor em parafaringe e base de crânio em uma menina de seis meses de idade que apresentou os sintomas de obstrução respiratória e alimentar ao nascimento. RELATO DE CASO: Menina de seis meses de idade que apresentou obstrução respiratória alta e alimentar ao nascimento, usando traqueostomia e gastrostomia, foi encaminha à instituição. A ressecção cirúrgica completa da massa utilizou um acesso transcervical-transparotídeo com extensão para fossa infratemporal pela incisão lateral transzigomática, permitindo identificação e preservação das estruturas neurovasculares vitais. O exame anatomopatológico evidenciou uma massa sólida com ninhos de tecido neuronal com alguns neurônios imersos em estroma fibrovascular, de pouca cápsula, sem áreas de mitoses e presença de plexo coroide funcionante ao exame imunoistoquímico. As funções neurovasculares foram preservadas na cirurgia, permitindo a decanulação e alimentação via oral no pós-operatório. Apesar do grande tamanho da massa, a criança completou um ano e meio de acompanhamento sem quaisquer complicações ou recorrência. O tecido neuroglial ectópico deve ser considerado no diagnóstico de obstruções de vias aéreas no neonato. O tratamento cirúrgico é o melhor e deve ser feito no paciente clinicamente estável. Um algoritmo para orientar o diagnóstico diferencial e melhorar o tratamento foi proposto.

Análise dos fatores de risco para complicações pulmonares em pacientes laringectomizados: estudo retrospectivo de 1985 a 1996 / Risk factors analysis to pulmonary complications in postoperative laryngeal cancer patients: retrospective study from 1985 to 1996

Introdução: Numerosos estudos enfatizam os fatores prognósticos no tratamento do câncer de laringe, poucos estudaram os fatores para complicações em pacientes laringectomizados. A análise das complicações pode evitar o óbito, diminuir os custos e melhorar a qualidade de vida, tendo importância prognóstica. Objetivos: Identificar os fatores de risco para complicações pulmonares pós-operatórias, para metástases pulmonares e presença de segundo tumores primários pulmonares em laringectomizados no período de 1985 a 1996. Métodos: Foram estudados retrospectivamente 291 pacientes admitidos no Hospital A. C. Camargo no período de 1985 a 1996, portadores de carcinoma espinocelular de laringe, submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico com intenção curativa. As variáveis demográficas, complicações maiores e menores, metástases pulmonares e múltiplos primários pulmonares foram analisadas. O teste do qui-quadrado e a regressão logística foram utilizados. Resultados: A incidência de complicações pulmonares foi de 31,3%, o fator de risco para complicações foi o sítio primário epiglote (p=0,004; RR 2,1). As metástases pulmonares tiveram incidência de 7,2%, os fatores de risco foram o estádio N (p=0,032), diferenciação histológica (p=0,004), margens cirúrgicas (p=0,017) e recidivas locoregionais (0,002). Os múltiplos tumores primários pulmonares tiveram incidência de 3,1% e os fatores de risco foram o estádio N (p=0,048) e sítio aritenóide (p=0,001). Na análise multivariada, foram significativos a diferenciação histológica: moderadamente diferenciado (p=0,007; RR 2,9) e pouco diferenciado (p=0,032; RR 4,0) e margens cirúrgicas exíguas (p=0,003; RR 6,4). Conclusões: Esse estudo demonstra a importância do estádio clínico como fator de risco para complicações pulmonares, metástases à distância e múltiplos primário em pulmão. Os fatores de risco para aparecimento de metástases pulmonares e múltiplos tumores primários pulmonares foram a diferenciação histológica e as margens cirúrgicas.

Introduction: Various reports emphasize the prognostic factors in the laryngeal cancer treatment, although few study the risk factors for complications in the laryngectomee. The complication analysis can avoid death, decreases costs and improve the quality of life, gaining prognostic importance. Objective: To identify the risk factors to postoperative pulmonary complications in laryngeal cancer patients submitted to surgical treatment, the risk factors to development of lung metastasis and second lung primary tumor. Methods: Retrospective study of 291 patients admitted at Hospital do Câncer A. C. Camargo from January, 1985 to December 1996. All patients were submitted to some kind of laryngectomy with curative intent as part of treatment followed or not by radiotherapy. The variables analyzed were: demographic, postoperative pulmonary complications, lung metastasis and second lung primary tumor. The univariate and multivariate analysis were utilized to built the model to predict the risks factors and the factors of prognostic significance. Results: The overall pulmonary complications incidence were 31.3%, epiglottis were identified as significant single risk factor to pulmonary complications (p=0.004; RR 2,1). Lung metastasis had 7.2% incidence to this, the risk factors were N stage (p=0.032 ), histopathologic differentiation grade (p=0.004), surgical margins (p=0.017) and locoregional recurrence (p=0.002). The second lung primary tumor incidence were 3.1%, univariate analysis showed N stage (p=0,048) and arithenoid site (p=0,001) as significant risk factors. The multivariate analysis showed the histopathologic differentiation: moderate grade (p=0.007 RR 2.9) and poor grade (p=0.032 RR 4,0) and surgical margins: close (p=0.003 RR 6.4) as prognostic factors to deveopment of lung metastasis and second lung primary tumor. Conclusions: This study showed the clinical stage importance as risk factor to development of postoperative pulmonary complication, lung metastasis and second lung primary tumor in laryngectomy cancer patients. The prognostic factors associated with lung metastasis and second lung primary tumors were the histopathologic differentiation and the surgical margins.

Mixoma do tecido mole cervical: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Myxoma of cervical soft tissue: case report and literature review

Introdução: Mixomas são tumores mesenquimais benignos que ocorrem raramente na região da cabeça e do pescoço. A maioria das lesões é de origem odontogênica e envolvem os ossos da face. Mixomas do tecido mole são muito raros e amplamente distribuídos pelo corpo, sendo mais freqüentemente relatados na musculatura cardíaca. Objetivo: Descrever um raro caso de mixoma do tecido mole extramuscular em região submandibular esquerda. Relato do Caso: Paciente do sexo masculino portador de mixoma extramuscular em loja submandibular esquerda, inicialmente conduzido como um cisto branquial. O tratamento consistiu na excisão cirúrgica com margens adequadas e posterior confirmação histológica do mixoma. Conclusões: A ressecção com margens adequadas é o tratamento de escolha para evitarem recidivas e o seguimento ambulatorial deve rigoroso.

Introduction: Myxomas are benign mesenchymal tumors that rarely occur in the head and neck area. Most of these injuries are odontogenic and involve facial bones. Myxomas of the soft tissue are very rare and widely distributed in the body, and most frequently reported in the heart muscles. Objective: To describe a case of extramuscular soft tissue myxoma in the left submaxillary area. Case Report: A male patient was referred to our service with extramuscular soft tissue myxoma in the left submaxillary area initially behaved as a branchial cyst. The treatment consisted of surgical excision with adequate margins and subsequent histology confirmation of the myxoma. Conclusions: The adequate resection of extramuscular myxoma is the main choice to avoid local failure, and the follow-up must be rigorous.

Condroma de cartilagem cricóide / Chondroma of the cricoid cartilage

Introdução: Os tumores cartilaginosos da laringe são raros, compreendendo 1% de todos os tumores cartilaginosos. O condroma é tumor benigno mais comum acometendo a cartilagem cricóide da laringe (75%), manifestando-se comumente no gênero masculino, com disfonia, dispnéia progressiva e disfagia em alguns casos. Objetivo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo relatar um caso de condroma de cartilagem cricóide, em paciente com sintoma de lesão nodular em região cervical anterior, de crescimento lento e progressivo. Relato do Caso: O tratamento foi a laringectomia parcial modificada, com ressecção do hemisegmento inferior da cartilagem tireóide, hemicartilagem cricóide e primeiro anel traqueal com margens livres e reconstrução com de retalho de pericôndrio e muscular pré-tireoideano. O exame anátomo-patológico demonstrou condroma de 1,1 cm, de baixa celularidade e baixas figuras de mitose atipicamente na região anterior da cartilagem cricóide. Conclusão: Neste relato concordamos com a literatura para o tratamento primariamente cirúrgico, de extensão dependendo da localização e do tamanho do condroma de cricóide, porém outras modalidades de tratamento podem ser adotadas nos casos onde a extensão tumoral indique a laringectomia total ou quando esta não é passível de realização, visando à preservação da laringe. Para o tratamento adequado de condromas de cricóide e entendimento da evolução natural da doença mais relatos de casos ainda são necessários.

Introduction: The larynx cartilaginous tumors are uncommon and comprise 1% of all cartilaginous tumors. The chondroma is the most common benign tumor affecting the larynx cricoid cartilage (75%), and manifests normally in the male gender with dysphonia, progressive dyspnea and dysphagy in some cases. Objective: The objective of this study is to report a case of cricoid cartilage chondroma, in a patient with the symptom of a nodular lesion in the frontal cervical region of slow and progressive growth. Case Report: The treatment was the modified partial laryngectomy with resection of the lower hemisegment of the thyroid cartilage, cricoid hemicartilage and the first tracheal ring with free margins and reconstruction with a pericondrium and muscular prethyroidean piece. The anatomopathological exam showed a chondroma of 1.1 cm, of atypical low cellularity and low figures of mitosis in the frontal region of the cricoid cartilage. Conclusion: In this report we agreed with the literature for the primarily extensive surgical treatment depending on the location and the size of the cricoid chondroma; however, other modalities of treatment may be adopted in cases where the tumor extension appoints a total laryngectomy or when this is not possible to carry out, aiming at the preservation of the larynx. For the suitable treatment of cricoid chondromas, the understanding of the disease natural evolution and more case reports are still necessary.

Schwanoma melanocítico fatal: rara apresentação no espaço parafaríngeo / Fatal melanotic schwannoma: a rare presentation at parapharyngeal space

O Schwanoma melanocítico (SM) é uma neoplasia benigna rara dos nervos periféricos e sua evolução letal com metástases constitui exceção. A sua apresentação no espaço parafaríngeo é incomum e o tratamento eminentemente cirúrgico. Relata-se o caso de um paciente jovem portador de SM extenso submetido á ressecção com margens amplas que evoluiu com óbito devido a metástases à distância após um ano do tratamento inicial.

The melanotic schwannoma (MS) is a rare benign periferic neural sheet neoplasia and the lethal evolution with distant metastasis remain very uncommon. Its presentation at the parapharyngeal space is uncommon and the surgery is the preferred treatment. We present a report of a young male patient with extensive MS submitted to radical resection with free margins who evolved with distant metastasis and death after one year of the primary treatment

Papillary carcinoma in a thyroglossal duct: case report

CONTEXT: Thyroglossal duct cysts are the most common congenital cervical abnormality in childhood. Malignant lesions are rare in thyroglossal duct cysts (about 1 percent). OBJECTIVE: To report a case of papillary carcinoma in thyroglossal duct cysts. DESIGN: Case report. CASE REPORT: The patient was a 21-year-old female with a four-month history of an anterior midline neck mass but without other symptoms. The physical examination revealed a 4.0 cm diameter, smooth, painless, cystic nodule at the level of the hyoid bone. The thyroid gland was normal by palpation and no neck lymph nodes were found. Indirect laryngoscopy, fine-needle biopsy aspiration and cervical ultrasound were normal and compatible with the physical findings of a thyroglossal duct cyst. The patient underwent surgery with this diagnosis, under general anesthesia, and the mass was resected by the usual Sistrunk procedure. There were no local signs of invasion of the tissue surrounding the cyst or duct at surgery. The patient was discharged within 24 hours. Histopathological examination of the specimen showed a 3.5 x 3.0 x 3.0 cm thyroglossal cyst, partially filled by a solid 1.0 x 0.5 cm brownish tissue. Histological sections showed a papillary carcinoma in the thyroid tissue of a thyroglossal cyst, with normal thyroid tissue at the boundary of the carcinoma. There was no capsule invasion and the margins were negative. The follow-up of the patient consisted of head and neck examinations, ultrasonography of the surgical region and thyroid, and total body scintigraphy. The patient has been followed up for two years with no further evidence of disease